Ladefoged, Peter Maddieson, Ian (1996).Journal of the International Phonetic Association. ^ See p.332 of: Evans, Nicholas Miller, Julia Colleen (2016)."On doubly articulated labial-velar stops and nasals in Tibeto-Burman".
"The historical morphology of personal pronouns in northern Vanuatu" (PDF). "WALS Online – Chapter Presence of Uncommon Consonants". However, there may be a distinction between the velar labial clicks and the uvular labial clicks, which is not captured if they are described as simply labial. Treatments often analyze the dorsal articulation as part of the airstream mechanism, and so consider such stops to be labial. Prenasalized voiced labial–velar stop with labializationīilabial clicks are stops that involve closure at both the lips and the soft palate. Voiceless labial–velar stop with labialization The extinct language Volow had a prenasalised labial-velar stop with labialization. Some languages, especially in Papua New Guinea and in Vanuatu, combine the labial–velar consonants with a labial–velar approximant release. The following possibilities are possible if tone is ignored:Īllophonic labial-velars are known from Vietnamese, where they are variants of the plain velar consonants /k/ and /ŋ/.
For example, Eggon contrasts /bɡ/, /ɡb/, and /ɡ͡b/. These sounds are clearly single consonants rather than consonant clusters. Labial–velar stops and nasals also occur in Vietnamese but only word-finally. The Yele language of Rossel Island, Papua New Guinea, has both labial–velars and labial–alveolar consonants. Floyd (1981) reports a voiceless implosive from Igbo. Labial–velar stops also occur as ejective and implosive (often transcribed ⟨ ɡ͡ɓ⟩). In Southeast Asia, they occur in the Adu dialect of Nuosu (Yi), which aside from its isolated location, is unusual in having a relatively large inventory of labial-velar consonants, including the rare aspirated version: /k͡pʰ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ᵑɡ͡b, ŋ͡m/. Phonemic labial–velars occur in the majority of languages in West and Central Africa (for example in the name of Laurent Gbagbo, former president of Ivory Coast they are found in many Niger–Congo languages as well as in the Ubangian, Chadic and Central Sudanic families), and are relatively common in the eastern end of New Guinea. The order of the letters in ⟨ k͡p⟩ and ⟨ ɡ͡b⟩ is therefore not arbitrary but motivated by the phonetic details of the sounds. While 90% of the occlusion overlaps, the onset of the velar occurs slightly before that of the labial, and the release of the labial occurs slightly after that of the velar so the preceding vowel sounds as if it were followed by a velar, and the following vowel sounds as if it were preceded by a labial. To pronounce them, one must attempt to say the velar consonants but then close their lips for the bilabial component, and then release the lips. Truly doubly articulated labial-velars include the stops and the nasal.
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